Bot Detector
IJPC Seal
Download FREE Sample Issue or Article
LEARN MORE
Subscribe Today
A subscription to IJPC includes a print copy delivered by postal mail and on-line access to electronic PDF copies of your subscribed issues.

Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Author(s):  Tishchenko Evgenii Mikhailovich

Issue:  Sep/Oct 2014 - Volume 18, Number 5
View All Articles in Issue

Page(s):  382-391

Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 1
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 2
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 3
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 4
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 5
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 6
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 7
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 8
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 9
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries Page 10

Download in electronic PDF format for $65

Abstract:  Belarus became a Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR in 1921. Belarus is now an independent country between Poland and Lithuania and Russia. The pharmacy sector of Belarus improved in fits and starts from 1921 to the present but serious quantitative and qualitative problems were evident until the 21st century. A number of factors caused this situation. The Soviet Republic of Belarus started with handicaps. The area, comprised of several provinces of western Russia, had no pharmaceutical factories during the imperial period and, while pharmacies were of high quality in the cities all over the Russian Empire—including Minsk, which became the capital of Belarus—pharmacies were sparse and primitive in rural areas and Belarus was basically rural. Belarus was devastated by wars—World War I, the Russian-Polish war of 1920-21, and of course, by World War II. The Bolshevik policy of nationalizing private pharmacies adversely affected dispensing between 1918 and 1921. Dispensing improved during the New Economic Policy of 1921 to 1927 with re-introduction of private enterprise and the establishment of BelMedTorg and the Mogilev Experimental Station of Medicinal Plants. The number of pharmacies and medical facilities increased during the 1930s and again after World War II. However, utopian plans to provide free or low-cost medicines to all citizens never came to fruition. Inadequate amounts of state-of the-art and even basic medicines persisted through the 1990s. The number of pharmacists also was inadequate and their education and training was on a low level. Because of shortages, citizens of Belarus often self-medicated with medicinal plants. The transition to a market economy in the 1990s made medicines expensive for citizens but opened the door to greater interaction with Western pharmaceutical practices and physical improvements in pharmacies and pharmaceutical production.

Related Keywords: Evgenii Mikhailovich Tishchenko, PhD, Belarus, formulations, medicinal plants

Related Categories: FORMULATIONS, HISTORY

Printer-Friendly Version



Related Articles from IJPC
Title/Author
(Click for Abstract / Details / Purchase)
Issue/​Page
View/Buy
Health Care in Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Tishchenko Evgenii Mikhailovich
Sep/Oct 2014
Pg. 382-391

Antimicrobial Activity of Copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) and Pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba) Oils against Staphylococcus aureus: Importance in Compounding for Wound Care
Guimarães Anna Luísa Aguiar
, Cunha Elisa Alves, Matias Fernanda Oliveira, Garcia Patrícia Guedes, Danopoulos Panagiota, Swikidisa Rosita, Pinheiro Vanessa Alves, Nogueira Rodrigo José Lupatini
Jan/Feb 2016
Pg. 58-62

Basics of Compounding: Cosmetics for Special Populations and Using Cosmetics as Vehicles
Allen Loyd V Jr
Mar/Apr 2002
Pg. 102-105

Basics of Compounding for Cough
Allen Loyd V Jr
Nov/Dec 2004
Pg. 462-465

A Cold Process Preparation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Oil Lotions using Simulgel FL as an Emulsifier
Songkro Sarunyoo
, Pengmak Somuredee, Seajung Pornyamol, Maneenuan Duangkhae, Kaewnopparat Nattha
Sep/Oct 2018
Pg. 424-432

Rapid-Dissolve Technology: An Interview With Loyd V. Allen, Jr., PhD, RPh
Allen Loyd V Jr
Nov/Dec 2003
Pg. 449-450

Rice Bran Oil: Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Liquisolid and Semisolid Formulations
Ammar Hussein O
, Al-Okbi Sahar Y, Mostafa Dina M, Helal Amr M
Nov/Dec 2012
Pg. 516-523

Preparation and Characterization of a New Alternative Formulation of Sodium p-aminosalicylate
Hergert Lisandro Y
, Sperandeo Norma R, Allemandi Daniel A, Mazzieri Maria R
Jul/Aug 2011
Pg. 344-349

Capsaicin 0.025% and Doxepin 3.3% Cream
Allen Loyd V Jr
Nov/Dec 2016
Pg. 506

Melatonin 2-mg/mL Oral Suspension
Allen Loyd V Jr
Nov/Dec 2016
Pg. 512

Particle Measuring Systems - USP <797> Environmental Monitoring Solutions